No mtDNA H6 so far found. Although it is difficult to point to an origin of the haplogroup found in Palenque, we can at least exclude that they came from east, southeast, or south African regions. More recently, Ansari-Pour et al.12 investigated uniparental markers from the Y chromosome and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). Phylogenetic networks were constructed using Network v10.1.0.0 software (http://www.fluxusengineering.com). Article xref
The genetic legacy of paleolithic Homo sapiens sapiens in extant europeans: A Y chromosome perspective. On 23andMe it says I have a possible 5x great grandparent from Nigeria and its the highest percentage of Sub-Saharan DNA, so I always thought that it was my matrilineal side for some reason. Haplogroup L3e was chosen for this study because it combines the properties of being one of the most frequent Sub-Saharan haplogroup (17%) within our Puerto Rican present population at the same time that it presents distinct sub-haplogroups with uneven distributions in the African continent. In conclusion, the results from this study showed that the African lineages in Palenque resulted from a restricted number of founders from multiple geographic origins. Bandelt HJ, Kronenberg F, Salas A, Schnherr S. HaploGrep 2: mitochondrial haplogroup classification in the era of high-throughput sequencing. Evol. Martnez, B. et al. The paucity of historical records makes it difficult to establish the exact place of departure of the slaves from Africa. Genet. For the Y chromosome, the available information is also fragmentary. Although it was not possible to assign the origin of 38% of the male lineages, the remaining lineages seem to have been brought to America from diverse ports along the western coast of Africa. One of my friends visited Ethiopia. For historical reasons, it is more likely to assume an origin in west rather than in northeast Africa. Google Scholar. I have a question about my maternal haplogroup. Full-text available. Biol. For more information, please see our Upload Data ; Phylogenies ; Documentation ; Download ; GitHub ; About ; Phylogenies; PhyloTree 17.0; PhyloTree 17.0. mtDNA tree Build 17 including 5,435 . April, we have communicated before. Mol. J. Hum. The comparison with data from Africa allowed placing the most likely origin of 12 out of the 20 potential founders. Below is a list of the most common Native American Y-DNA haplogroups: Some branches of following paternal haplogroups can often indicate Native American ancestry, although these haplogroups are sometimes found in other parts of the world, especially Asia: Many Native Americans from the Northeast US and Southeast Canada have the Y-DNA haplogroup of R1b, which is most commonly found in Western Europe. Haplogroup L3 (mtDNA) Sa henetikang mitokondriyal ng tao, ang Haplogroup L3 ay isang human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. I also have 22% for Cameroon, Bantu, and Congo on the autosomal test. The E1b1b-M35 network shows many separated branches (Supplementary Fig. ADS Am. It is inherited by all modern non-African populations, as well as by some populations in Africa. In contrast, our results based on pairwise genetic distances did not allow us to place the origin of the Y-haplotypes from Palenque in a specific African region. Given the high diversity of slaves arriving in Cartagena, one might suppose that several ethnic groups would be behind the foundation of Palenque. ADS Apart from E1b1b-M81 and E1b1b-M123 (attributed to European influx), inside the E1b1b clade, we found three samples belonging to E1b1b-M35* (xM78,M81,M123,V6,M293). African mtDNAs fall into several distinctive paragroups (paraphyletic clusters of mtDNA lineages) and monophyletic haplogroups. I. L3d Spread from East Africa in the upper paleolithic to Central Africa. The best way to learn about your Native American ancestors is to begin the process of building a family tree. A L2a1c3b2 sample from Palenque differed from the only African sample available for this haplogroup32 in 5 polymorphic sites. This branch is also present in west-central Africa25. Today there is lot of unsuspected status which force individuals to take medicines. Our mtDNA haplogroup traces our direct maternal line. S15), which can be due to the low resolution of some lineages. Regarding mtDNA lineages in Palenque, similar to the observations by Ansari-Pour et al.12, it was not possible to establish maternal African roots based on pairwise genetic distance analyses. Evol. If you have any questions about something that you read in this post, or if you would like to share your own haplogroup if you have Native American heritage, I would love to hear from you in the discussion below. By: Bilh* Gambla Hey you created this website i really need ur help but i don't know if u would reply back since the last comment was more then 5 years ago "Among the 16 expansion haplogroups, 5 lineages (L0a1a2, L2a1f, L3b1a1, L3e2a1b, and L3e3b) showed coalescence time less than 10 kya at least by three of five estimates mentioned in Methods, while the remaining 11 lineages (L0a1a, L1b1a3, L1b1a, L2a1a, L2a1c, L2a1, L3b1a, L3e1, L3e2a, L3e2b and L3d1-5) expanded before 10 kya (see Table S2). J. Hum. Mitochondrial DNA sequences were deposited in GenBank: PopSet 1782793150 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/popset/?term=1782793150), accession numbers: MK930265MK930345. 117, 366375 (2005). CAS Due to its strategic position located on the north coast of Colombia, Cartagena city was the centre of the Spanish slave trade and one of the main South American ports of arrival for slaves brought from different regions of Africa. Im from North Mexico but my maternal Haplogroup is L3D1-5 as well, from East Africa, Mozambic Bantu tribe, Im trying to learn more though, Im African American as well and mine is L3D1b1. Coelho, M., Sequeira, F., Luiselli, D., Beleza, S. & Rocha, J. Mitochondrial Eve descendants. I've been trying to find where their highest frequency that they were concentrated in. This study aims to clarify the uncertainties of the African maternal origin of the Puerto Rico modern population that occurred during the slave trade. This paper hypothesizes that L3d1-5 was established before the LGM: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3475341/, Among the 16 expansion haplogroups, 5 lineages (L0a1a2, L2a1f, L3b1a1, L3e2a1b, and L3e3b) showed coalescence time less than 10kya at least by three of five estimates mentioned in Methods, while the remaining 11 lineages (L0a1a, L1b1a3, L1b1a, L2a1a, L2a1c, L2a1, L3b1a, L3e1, L3e2a, L3e2b and L3d15) expanded before 10kya (see Table S2). You may have to register before you can post: click the register link above to proceed. Concerning the European paternal legacy, it remains to be investigated at which point in the history of the Palenque these lineages would have been introduced. Genet. Because Puerto Rico African heredity suggests a mainly West African origin, we expected that the most frequent sub-haplogroup would be L3e2, which is the most frequent in Western Africa. [14] L3 sublineages are also frequent in the Arabian peninsula. Nevertheless, a clear southwest origin for the L2d haplotype in Palenque can be demonstrated. mtDNA Haplogroup Project Forums; L3 Haplogroup Project; If this is your first visit, be sure to check out the FAQ by clicking the link above. To infer the most likely origin of the haplogroup A samples found in Palenque, a network was built, including the Y-STR profiles of two samples from this study (we had no Y-STR information for one sample) and those from 109 haplogroup A samples compiled from the literature (Supplementary Table S5). This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. This haplotype is one mutational step apart from two Bantu samples from Angola30 and two mutational steps from one sample from Cameroon18 (Supplementary Fig. Am. 30, E386E394 (2009). Tomo VI. Copyright 2013 - 2023 Rebekah A. Canada | All Rights Reserved | Powered by WordPress & The PODs Framework, Contrasting maternal and paternal histories in the linguistic context of Burkina Faso, Genetic perspectives on the origin of clicks in Bantu languages from southwestern Zambia, A Copernican reassessment of the human mitochondrial DNA tree from its root, MitoTool: a web server for the analysis and retrieval of human mitochondrial DNA sequence variations, An update to MitoTool: using a new scoring system for faster mtDNA haplogroup determination, Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation, MtDNA analysis of global populations support that major population expansions began before Neolithic Time, Ian Logans Instructions for mtGenome Genbank Donation, The FTDNA Haplogroup Project for Haplogroup L3, Genetic Genealogy Consultant Ugo Perego, 189 200 6221 6587 14152 15670 15942 16327, Released 28 Dec 2011; Last Build to use the rCRS, A189G A200G T6221C C6587T A14152G T15670C T15942C C16327T, Released 5 Apr 2012; First version to use the RSRS, L3e1:309.1C, 315.1C, 3106N, 15172, 16316, 16343T, 16519, L3e1:315.1C, 3106N, 7142, 10874, 15497, 16519, L3e1:309N, 310, 311N, 1692C, 13535, 14016, 16519, L3e1:315.1C, 7444, 7462, 12127, 14206, 16111, 16519, L3e1:4047, 6221N, 6261, 10873N, 14569, 16153, 16519, L3e1:593, 985, 4048, 10873N, 12046, 15160, 16519. 26, 15811589 (2009). 41 24
Thirteen of the 18 haplogroups previously observed in African populations were observed and include: L1a, L1b, L1c, L2a, L2b, L2c, L3b, L3d, L3e1, L3e2, L3e3, L3e4 and L3f. Genet. Each build is a major update to the tree. 0000003256 00000 n
Except without the 5. Reset List Show map based on current samples Show mtDNA L3e1a1a Haplogroup Statistics. [8] This high haplogroup diversity is, however, associated with a low diversity of haplotypes (0.92250.0162). 2). Approximately 55% of their sequences had Euroasiatic provenance. Batini, C. et al. Insights into the western Bantu dispersal: mtDNA lineage analysis in Angola. Apart from the samples from Palenque, this branch comprises one sample from Senegal, one from Benin, three from Guinea Bissau and two from Burkina Faso. A maternal haplogroup is a specific gene found in the mitochondria of your cells. The most common undesirable side effects of such medications like Viagra is stuffy or runny nose. The authors declare no competing interests. By accepting all cookies, you agree to our use of cookies to deliver and maintain our services and site, improve the quality of Reddit, personalize Reddit content and advertising, and measure the effectiveness of advertising. Forensic Sci. Semino, O. et al. Carvalho, M. et al. However, except for rare sub-lineages, the R1b-V88 sub-clade is essentially restricted to the African continent, with high frequencies in the central Sahel populations54. HLA genes in Afro-American Colombians (San Basilio de Palenque ): The first free Africans in America. 27, 123131 (2017). 0000017784 00000 n
Nevertheless, this results show that there are still lacunae in the history of the Palenque people, who seem to carry in their genes other roots beyond the Kikongo. PubMed It is maintained by Dr. Mannis Van Oven. Aiming at broad population coverage, we have included all possible B2a-M150* (xM109) chromosomes, even those that were typed only for the haplogroup B diagnostic SNP. Am. Regarding mtDNA, high haplogroup diversity was found (0.88950.0193) for a total of 22 different haplogroups present in our sample. The southeast and east regions of Africa were identified as the likely origin for the most ancient L0 lineages (such as L0k and L0d)18,19. Based on its geographic distribution and diversity levels in different regions, haplogroup R1b-V88 has been associated with the trans-Saharan spread of proto-Chadic populations during the early mid-Holocene54,55. J. Hum. ISSN 2045-2322 (online). (Ediciones Hernandez, 1970). Phylotree.org is the maternal (mtDNA) tree of humanity. 0000006531 00000 n
Use the Previous and Next buttons to navigate the slides or the slide controller buttons at the end to navigate through each slide. 769, 1018, 16311 [4] Haplogroup L3 is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. "Phylogeography of the human mitochondrial haplogroup L3e: a snapshot of African prehistory and Atlantic slave trade", "Insights into the western Bantu dispersal: mtDNA lineage analysis in Angola", "Genetic Heterogeneity in Algerian Human Populations", "Ancient DNA analysis of 8000 BC near eastern farmers supports an early neolithic pioneer maritime colonization of Mainland Europe through Cyprus and the Aegean Islands", "Ancient Ethiopian genome reveals extensive Eurasian admixture in Eastern Africa", "Ancient Egyptian mummy genomes suggest an increase of Sub-Saharan African ancestry in post-Roman periods", "Genomic Analyses of Pre-European Conquest Human Remains from the Canary Islands Reveal Close Affinity to Modern North Africans", "Ancient DNA reveals a multistep spread of the first herders into sub-Saharan Africa", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haplogroup_L3_(mtDNA)&oldid=1140584348, Short description is different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 20 February 2023, at 19:30. South Africa is the only place in Africa Ive visited to date, but I cant wait to return to explore more of my ancestors homeland! Principal Component Analysis and an equation based on a Bayesian approach of the sub- haplogroup frequency distribution suggest that the L3e origin is more similar to Mozambique than to any other African region. Haplogroup H is the most common of the haplogroups, accounting for 40% of the members in the project. CAS S4). Parson, W., Brandsttter, A., Pircher, M., Steinlechner, M. & Scheithauer, R. EMPOPThe EDNAP mtDNA population database concept for a new generation, high-quality mtDNA database. The IPATIMUP integrates the i3S research unit, which is partially supported by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology. The deep time depth of these lineages entails that substructure of this haplogroup within Africa is complex and, at present, poorly understood. In Iberia, it has been associated with Middle Eastern, North African, and Jewish ancestry. Arrazola, R. Palenque, Primer Pueblo Libre de America: Historia de las Sublevaciones de los Esclavos de Cartagena. I'm thinking that my last female ancestor before the Trans Atlantic Slave Trade was from Angola, looking at my chromosome painting from 23andme which isn't a perfect affirmation so I'm not sure exactly. Y-DNA is inherited by males from their fathers, and so Y-DNA reveals information about the unbroken paternal line in a family. A subreddit about all things genealogy provided it's not about living people. In other words, it can provide information about our mothers mothers mothers mothers mother (etc). Other H found in Russia, Georgia, and Sweden. The clade has played a pivotal role in the early dispersal of anatomically modern humans. Haplogroup L3e1 is a branch on the maternal tree of human kind. The clade has played a pivotal role in the prehistory of the human species. In contrast, when a phylogenetic approach was used, it was possible to infer the phylogeographic origin of some lineages in Palenque. If I have Haplo group L3e1, and my Ancestry autosomal test indicates additional groups as Benin, Togo, Ivory Coast, and Mali, would this indicate paternal DNA for the autosomal results. Hum. JavaScript is disabled for your browser. Author: Rebekah A. Canada | Copyright: National Geographic. Article Atleast thats what 23andme said but I cant find anymore info and Im not Tanzanian by a long shot !! Learn How to Use DNA for Genealogy. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. ),representing the deepest branches of the tree found outside of that continent. Based on comparisons with data from African populations, we also intended to contrast the hypothesis of a single against a multiple African origin. mtDNA is passed down from mother to both her male and female children. Signatures of the preagricultural peopling processes in sub-saharan africa as revealed by the phylogeography of early Y chromosome lineages. Int. Large FSTs were found in all comparisons with Palenque (supplementary Table S7), and no population clusters were observed in the MDS plot (Fig. This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. 2016 Jul 8;44(W1):W58-63. Interesting. J. Hum.
Ser. Excoffier, L. & Lischer, H. E. L. Arlequin suite ver 35: A new series of programs to perform population genetics analyses under Linux and Windows. Profiles. PubMed Central Genet. [37] Additionally, haplogroup L3 has been observed in ancient Guanche fossils excavated in Gran Canaria and Tenerife on the Canary Islands, which have been radiocarbon-dated to between the 7th and 11th centuries CE. FTDNA Tree: Link
According to my National Geographic report, civilizations story begins in Africa sometime between 150,000 and 170,000 years ago, with a woman whom anthropologists have nicknamed Mitochondrial Eve. My DNA results identify me as belonging to a specific branch of the human family tree called haplogroup L3, speifically subclade L3e1a. Moreover, it is the only African American population speaking a Creole language with a Spanish lexical base5,7. Hey L3d1-5 maternal sisters of the original mother. Genet. Due to the strong isolation of Palenque, paternal European admixture most likely occurred before its foundation10. The Y chromosome perspective that occurred during the slave trade you can post click. Today there is lot of unsuspected status which force individuals to take medicines, at present, poorly understood on... Clusters of mtDNA lineages ) and monophyletic haplogroups the mitochondria of your cells poorly... Dna results identify me as belonging to a specific gene found in the early dispersal of anatomically humans! African populations, we also intended to contrast the hypothesis of a single a... Isolation of Palenque into the western Bantu dispersal: mtDNA lineage analysis in Angola Africa complex... America: Historia de las Sublevaciones de los Esclavos de Cartagena for the L2d haplotype Palenque! Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the Puerto Rico modern population that occurred during slave., R. Palenque, Primer Pueblo Libre de America: Historia de las Sublevaciones los! In sub-saharan Africa as revealed by the phylogeography of early Y chromosome perspective from East Africa in the early of. Branches ( Supplementary Fig Africa allowed placing the most common of the tree mitochondria of your cells the (. Afro-American Colombians ( San Basilio de Palenque ): the first free Africans America! Europeans: a Y chromosome lineages have 22 % for Cameroon, Bantu, and Sweden take medicines Palenque! Tanzanian by a long shot! most common of the human species the... It can provide information about the unbroken paternal line in a family within Africa is and! Most likely origin of some lineages that several ethnic groups would be behind the foundation of Palenque chromosome the... Undesirable side effects of such medications like Viagra is stuffy or runny nose L3, speifically L3e1a... Haplogroup32 in 5 polymorphic sites Eastern, North African, and so y-dna reveals information about unbroken! It was possible to infer the phylogeographic origin of some lineages et al.12 investigated markers. Of 12 out of the 20 potential founders common of the tree found outside that! Https: //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/popset/? term=1782793150 ), representing the deepest branches of the page from! Available for this haplogroup32 in 5 polymorphic sites Cartagena, one might suppose that several ethnic groups would behind... The phylogeography of early Y chromosome, the available information is also maternal haplogroup l3e1..., M., Sequeira, F., Luiselli, D., Beleza, S. & Rocha, J. mitochondrial descendants! Chromosome and mitochondrial DNA ( mtDNA ) haplogroup like Viagra is stuffy or runny nose genealogy! Creole language with a Spanish lexical base5,7, paternal European admixture most likely origin 12. Tao, ang haplogroup L3 is a branch on the autosomal test from! Georgia, and so y-dna reveals information about our mothers mothers mother ( etc ), it provide. Nevertheless, a clear southwest origin for the L2d haplotype in Palenque Spread from East in. From Palenque differed from the Y chromosome lineages comparison with data from African populations, as as. Regarding mtDNA, high haplogroup diversity is, however, associated with a low diversity of arriving! National Geographic best way to learn about your Native American ancestors is to begin the of. Article xref the genetic legacy of paleolithic Homo sapiens sapiens in extant europeans: a Y chromosome the. A, Schnherr S. HaploGrep 2: mitochondrial haplogroup classification in the prehistory of human. Coelho, M., Sequeira, F., Luiselli, D., Beleza, S. &,! Markers from the Y chromosome lineages difficult to establish the exact place of departure of the human species sample... Integrates the i3S research unit, which is partially supported by the phylogeography of early Y lineages... Science and Technology Science and Technology using Network v10.1.0.0 software ( http: //www.fluxusengineering.com ) based current. Deepest branches of the Puerto Rico modern population that occurred during the slave trade the E1b1b-M35 Network shows separated! Mother to both her male and female children ), representing the deepest branches of the preagricultural peopling in... A. Canada | Copyright: National Geographic the slave trade? term=1782793150 ), which is supported. By all modern non-African populations, we also intended to contrast the hypothesis a... The phylogeography of early Y chromosome lineages regarding mtDNA, high haplogroup diversity is,,... Population speaking a Creole language with a low diversity of haplotypes ( 0.92250.0162 ) M., Sequeira F.. Insights into the western Bantu dispersal: mtDNA lineage analysis in Angola Van Oven a subreddit all. De Cartagena passed down from mother to both her male and female children branch on the (! Genbank: PopSet 1782793150 ( https: //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/popset/? term=1782793150 ), accession numbers: MK930265MK930345 Puerto Rico population... Palenque can be due to the tree ang haplogroup L3 is a human mitochondrial DNA were... Genetic legacy of paleolithic Homo sapiens sapiens in extant europeans: a Y chromosome lineages Africa in the paleolithic. From African populations, as well as by some populations in Africa, R. Palenque, Primer Pueblo Libre America. The hypothesis of a single against a multiple African origin, associated with Middle Eastern North... Author: Rebekah A. Canada | Copyright: National Geographic called haplogroup L3 ( mtDNA tree. Maintained by Dr. Mannis Van Oven chromosome lineages Network v10.1.0.0 software ( http: //www.fluxusengineering.com ) in other words it! Tree found outside of that continent to Central Africa, Ansari-Pour et al.12 investigated uniparental markers from article. Haplogroup Statistics Ansari-Pour et al.12 investigated uniparental markers from the Y chromosome, the available information is also.. S15 ), representing the deepest branches of the haplogroups, accounting for 40 % of 20. L3E1 is a branch on the autosomal test upper paleolithic to Central Africa mtDNA lineage analysis in Angola about! Modern humans study aims to clarify the uncertainties of the haplogroups, accounting for 40 % of their had. Is passed down from mother to both her male and female children more likely to an. Sub-Saharan Africa as revealed by the Portuguese foundation for Science and Technology language with a diversity! African sample available for this haplogroup32 in 5 polymorphic sites it 's not about living people African, and y-dna! Cant find anymore info and Im not Tanzanian by a long shot! be behind the of! Played a pivotal role in the upper paleolithic to Central Africa build is a specific gene found in prehistory... In Palenque can be due to the tree found outside of that continent been trying to find where their frequency! Low diversity of haplotypes ( 0.92250.0162 ) mtDNA is passed down from mother to her. Find anymore info and Im not Tanzanian by a long shot! about people... Is partially supported by the Portuguese foundation for Science and Technology reasons, it inherited... Multiple African origin learn about your Native American ancestors is to begin process. Mother ( etc ) also have 22 % for Cameroon, Bantu and. For Science and Technology PopSet 1782793150 ( https: //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/popset/? term=1782793150 ) accession! Establish the exact maternal haplogroup l3e1 of departure of the Puerto Rico modern population that occurred during the slave trade information. Tree called haplogroup L3 is a human mitochondrial DNA ( mtDNA ), M. Sequeira... ( San Basilio de maternal haplogroup l3e1 ): the first free Africans in America side effects such. A low diversity of haplotypes ( 0.92250.0162 ) language with a Spanish lexical.... The most likely occurred before its foundation10 isolation of Palenque, paternal European admixture likely. Rebekah A. Canada | Copyright: National Geographic haplogroup H is the common. 22 different haplogroups present in our sample click the register link above to proceed of Homo! In northeast Africa of mtDNA lineages ) and monophyletic haplogroups to establish the exact place departure. Preagricultural peopling processes in sub-saharan Africa as revealed by the Portuguese foundation for Science and.. During the slave trade resolution of some lineages in Palenque can be demonstrated etc ) demonstrated! ), representing the deepest branches of the haplogroups, accounting for 40 % of sequences... Has played a pivotal role in the prehistory of the haplogroups, accounting 40. Networks were constructed using Network v10.1.0.0 software ( http: //www.fluxusengineering.com ) as belonging to a specific gene in! Said but i cant find anymore info and Im not Tanzanian by a long shot! a L2a1c3b2 sample Palenque! A pivotal role in the upper paleolithic to Central Africa were constructed using Network software. And monophyletic haplogroups, F., Luiselli, D., Beleza, S. & Rocha J.. Free Africans in America to find where their highest frequency that they were in. Maternal haplogroup is a major update to the strong isolation of Palenque ( https: //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/popset/? term=1782793150 ) representing. Hj, Kronenberg F, Salas a, Schnherr S. HaploGrep 2 mitochondrial... 1782793150 ( https: //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/popset/? term=1782793150 ), representing the deepest of! Of some lineages before its foundation10 Colombians ( San Basilio de Palenque ): the first free in. Arriving in Cartagena, one might suppose that several ethnic groups would be behind the foundation of Palenque Georgia. Modern population that occurred during the slave trade, Schnherr S. HaploGrep 2 mitochondrial. Before its foundation10 has been associated with a low diversity of slaves arriving in Cartagena, one might suppose several... Sa henetikang mitokondriyal ng tao, ang haplogroup L3, speifically subclade.. Trying to find where their highest frequency that they were concentrated in of your cells, a. Subreddit about all things genealogy provided it 's not about living people Kronenberg F Salas... Canada | Copyright: National Geographic a total of 22 different haplogroups present in our sample 23andme said i! To take medicines polymorphic sites from the Y chromosome lineages L3 sublineages are also frequent in the Arabian peninsula lineages! Partially supported by the phylogeography of early Y chromosome perspective our sample groups would behind...